KEEPING ACCOUNTS OF A LEGAL ENTITY IN CURAÇAO
Rights and obligations must be known at all times
Section 2:14 subsection 1 of the Curaçao Civil Code (‘CCC’) provides that every director of a legal entity (NV, BV, foundation or association) is obliged towards the legal entity to perform the duties properly within the sphere of his activities. If there is only one director, the sphere of his activities covers all the duties.
Section 2:15 subsection 1 CCC provides that the management board is obliged to keep accounts of the financial position of the legal entity and of everything with regard to the activities of the legal entity, according …
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GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMPANIES
Opposing views on political influence
Few people would argue that the rules issued by the state (government) must also be correctly and strictly observed by that same state. It cannot be well conceived that, for example, the police and Public Prosecutor’s Office (as instruments of the state) should be allowed to violate the law with impunity.
Though there may be very different opinions about the nature and the role of the state (particularly from a philosophical and jurisprudential viewpoint), here we address the question of how we should consider government-owned companies, and in particular, what level of influence the government …
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THE INCORPORATION OF A CURACAO LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
Incorporating an NV or BV is not a hassle
The act on corporate law (Book 2 Curaçao Civil Code) governs the NV (‘public limited liability company’) and BV (‘private limited liability company’). These companies can be used for group finance or holding activities, (international) joint-ventures, funds, structured finance, as a Curaçao Trust and for “plain-vanilla” (local) activities.
A notarial deed is required for the formation of an NV or BV and for any amendment to articles of association (a.k.a. articles of incorporation). Formation can however, be very quick (within one or two days if necessary) and does not require many …
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CONSULTATIE GRENSOVERSCHRIJDENDE OMZETTING
Voorstel wetswijziging in Nederland
Vandaag is in Nederland ter consultatie een Voorontwerp grensoverschrijdende omzetting kapitaalvennootschappen gepresenteerd.
Het ambtelijk voorontwerp bevat een regeling waarmee voorwaarden worden gesteld voordat een grensoverschrijdende omzetting van een naamloze of besloten vennootschap in een buitenlandse kapitaalvennootschap kan plaatsvinden (outbound) en omgekeerd (inbound). Voorts bevat het voorontwerp een wijziging van de regeling voor werknemersmedezeggenschap in geval van grensoverschrijdende fusies van kapitaalvennootschappen.
Een grensoverschrijdende omzetting kan de belangen van crediteuren, (minderheids-) aandeelhouders en werknemers van de om te zetten NV of BV schaden. Om deze belangen te beschermen, bevat de regeling voorwaarden voordat een grensoverschrijdende …
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GRENSOVERSCHRIJDENDE FUSIE EN OMZETTING SINDS 10-10-10
Publicatie in het Caribisch Juristenblad
In het Caribisch Juristenblad (2013/4, p. 3-9) verscheen mijn artikel Grensoverschrijdende fusie en omzetting na 10-10-’10.
De staatkundige herziening binnen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden die op 10 oktober 2010 zijn beslag heeft gekregen, is ook van belang voor de grensoverschrijdende fusie en de grensoverschrijdende omzetting van kapitaalvennootschappen (NV’s en BV’s). De bestaande regelgeving maakt fusie en omzetting binnen het Koninkrijk nodeloos ingewikkeld. Daarom wordt voor harmonisatie gepleit.
Karel Frielink Attorney (Lawyer) / Partner
(30 January 2014)
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DUTCH CARIBBEAN BANKS AND REGULATORY ISSUES
A bank has less freedom than an ordinary legal entity
What would be the requirements, from a regulatory point of view, if a Curaçao or St. Maarten bank wished to sell its entire business or a substantial part thereof? Would it require approval from the Central Bank of Curaçao and St. Maarten (‘Centrale Bank van Curaçao en St. Maarten’)?
Generally, if the activity at a bank is characterized as some form of financial reorganization, for example, the prior approval of the Central Bank is required. The bank is also obliged to immediately inform the Central Bank in writing of any …
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THE COURT OF LAST RESORT
Curaçao court as court of last resort for civil matters
An attachment on assets located in Curaçao generally establishes jurisdiction over the cause of action for which the attachment is made, also if neither of the parties involved are domiciled in Curaçao.
According to Section 767 of the Curaçao Code of Civil Procedure, the Curaçao court is competent to hear a case on the merits (i.e. has (international) jurisdiction) if there are no other means of obtaining an enforceable order in Curaçao (first condition).
This condition will not be met if, for instance, in respect of a claim an arbitrator …
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150 JURIDISCHE PUBLICATIES
Een persoonlijke mijlpaal
Afgelopen donderdag was het dan zo ver: mijn 150e juridische publicatie zag het levenslicht. Het gaat om mijn bijdrage aan het Liber Amicorum ‘Christels Koers’ dat toen werd aangeboden aan prof.mr. drs. C.M. Grundmann-van de Krol: “Openbaarmaking door de financiële toezichthouders”. De volledige lijst met publicaties is hier te vinden.
Nummer 151 is overigens al geschreven en is in het komende nummer van het Caribisch Juristenblad te vinden. De meer dan 850 stukken die op deze weblog staan heb ik uiteraard niet meegeteld…
Karel Frielink Attorney (Lawyer) / Partner
(2 December 2013)
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US LAW GOVERNED AGREEMENTS
Curaçao and St. Maarten Courts will accept the choice of laws
One of the questions frequently asked is whether the Courts in Curaçao or St. Maarten, if an action is brought before them, will pay deference to a “choice of governing law” and/or venue provision in an agreement, in particular when the parties have chosen US Law, and a US Court to resolve their disputes.
The choice of the laws of (a particular State of) the United States of America as the laws governing an agreement is valid and binding under the laws of Curaçao/St. Maarten, and will therefore be …
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THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A CURAÇAO COMPANY (III)
Controlling minority?
Such a situation (i.e. example 2) is possibly less desirable from the company’s perspective, certainly where the more essential decision-making is concerned. Although decisions should be taken on the basis of a discussion of content and it will not always be possible to predict how the meeting of shareholders will vote, the possibility of ‘accidental’ majorities (whereby a minority shareholder nevertheless has the majority through the absence of others at the meeting of shareholders) leads to less predictability, or at least to greater uncertainty.
If a company has, for example, one 30% shareholder and the remaining 70 shareholders …
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THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A CURAÇAO COMPANY (I)
Comparable with a constitution
The articles of association of a Curaçao company (a public [NV] or private [BV] limited liability company) are somewhat comparable with a constitution or state regulations: the articles of association comprise – like the law, but also additionally to the law and, where permitted, unlike the law – the rules of play (rights, obligations and powers) to which all the organs of the company (managing board, supervisory board, shareholders’ meeting) and the members of those organs must adhere or on which they can rely.
The law of Curaçao does not prescribe that a special (or qualified) …
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VALIDLY REPRESENTING A CURACAO COMPANY
Extract and Articles are of importance
Limited liability companies like the Curaçao NV or BV are legal entities. Whether or not a managing director has the authority to validly represent a company can be derived from the extract from the Trade Register of the Chamber of Commerce of Curaçao together with the articles of association of the company.
However, it could be the case that the company has further regulations from which representation limitations follow. This should be assessed on a case by case basis.
A counterparty may rely on a written statement from the board of managing directors or …
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