ELECTRONIC MONEY INSTITUTIONS IN ARUBA
A license is required
The European Central Bank defines e-money as follows (a non-legal definition): “E-money can be defined as any amount of monetary value represented by a claim issued on a prepaid basis, stored in an electronic medium (for example, a card or computer) and accepted as a means of payment by undertakings other than the issuer, predominantly for small-value transactions (for example, the settlement of modest transactions over the Internet and of parking or telephone charges and payment for public transport services).” (Electronic Money Institutions. Current trends, regulatory issues and future prospects. Legal Working Paper Series, No. 7/2008).
THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A CURAÇAO COMPANY (III)
Controlling minority?
Such a situation (i.e. example 2) is possibly less desirable from the company’s perspective, certainly where the more essential decision-making is concerned. Although decisions should be taken on the basis of a discussion of content and it will not always be possible to predict how the meeting of shareholders will vote, the possibility of ‘accidental’ majorities (whereby a minority shareholder nevertheless has the majority through the absence of others at the meeting of shareholders) leads to less predictability, or at least to greater uncertainty.
If a company has, for example, one 30% shareholder and the remaining 70 shareholders …
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THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF A CURAÇAO COMPANY (I)
Comparable with a constitution
The articles of association of a Curaçao company (a public [NV] or private [BV] limited liability company) are somewhat comparable with a constitution or state regulations: the articles of association comprise – like the law, but also additionally to the law and, where permitted, unlike the law – the rules of play (rights, obligations and powers) to which all the organs of the company (managing board, supervisory board, shareholders’ meeting) and the members of those organs must adhere or on which they can rely.
The law of Curaçao does not prescribe that a special (or qualified) …
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VALIDLY REPRESENTING A CURACAO COMPANY
Extract and Articles are of importance
Limited liability companies like the Curaçao NV or BV are legal entities. Whether or not a managing director has the authority to validly represent a company can be derived from the extract from the Trade Register of the Chamber of Commerce of Curaçao together with the articles of association of the company.
However, it could be the case that the company has further regulations from which representation limitations follow. This should be assessed on a case by case basis.
A counterparty may rely on a written statement from the board of managing directors or …
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ON THE BRIDGE OF THE OSPREY EXPLORER WITH THE CAPTAIN
Me on the left… Click here to learn more about the 2D S/V Osprey Explorer and click here to learn more about reflection seismology.
Bij 2D of tweedimensionale seismiek worden langs een lijn aan het aardoppervlak trillingen opgewekt. Er wordt gebruik gemaakt van een air gun (of seismische vibrator), een apparaat dat vlak achter het schip hangt. Elke 10 seconden stuurt de air gun een schokgolf het water in. …
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IMPACT OF THE LIABILITY TO THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIRECTOR (I)
Liability of the 2nd degree director
Under Section 2:17 subsection 1 of the Curaçao Civil Code, the liability of a legal entity as a director of another legal entity (the direct or 1st degree director) also rests jointly and severally on each person who at the time this liability arose for the legal entity was its director (the indirect or 2nd degree director). It applies to this indirect director as it applies to the direct director that he will not be liable if he can prove that he cannot be blamed for the improper performance of duties, also considering his …
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ASSET PROTECTION IN CURACAO
Curaçao: a jurisdiction not to be missed
A Curaçao private foundation or a trust is often used for asset protection and privacy purposes. The Curaçao private foundation and the Curaçao trust must be set up by a notarial deed executed before a civil law notary in Curaçao. Both the private foundation and the trust are a very flexible solution for asset protection and privacy purposes. A private foundation, for instance, can be easily implemented in international holding structures through Curaçao and is very suitable for family asset protection. By means of a letter of wishes or provisions in the articles …
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THE COSTS OF LITIGATION
Parties have to bear their own attorney costs
Under the laws of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, St. Maarten, St. Eustatius and Saba, generally speaking, each party has to bear its own attorney costs, except if there is an agreement in place between the parties providing for such compensation. Other costs related to proceedings are for instance bailiff costs and court fees.
The extent to which the aforementioned costs of litigation are to be borne by the party losing the case are determined by the court. The costs will in fact not compensate the actual costs and attorneys fees incurred. They are …
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SEIZING ASSETS IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Court approval required, but freezing assets is rather easy
Under the laws of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, St. Maarten, St. Eustatius and Saba any party with a prima facie claim may file a petition for a court order granting an attachment, which petitions are generally granted, solely based on the allegations in the petition. Seizing assets of a another party may already be possible at a time when the claim (e.g. under an agreement or a guarantee) is not yet due, but where there is good reason to believe that, when it will become due, the other party will not honor …
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GERARD SPONG SIGNEERT ZIJN BOEK IN CURACAO
De Breuk
WILLEMSTAD – Gerard Spong heeft vandaag zijn nieuwste boek ‘De Breuk’ gepresenteerd op Curacao. Spong is strafrechtadvocaat in Amsterdam. Zijn advocatenkantoor Spong Advocaten is geassocieerd met SMS Attorneys at Law te Curacao.
Recentelijk heeft Spong zijn veertigjarig jubileum als advocaat gevierd.
Van zijn hand verscheen ‘De Breuk’, een juridische thriller gebaseerd op ware feiten en, naar zijn zeggen, een van zijn meest opmerkelijke moordzaken.
In de media is het boek omschreven als: ‘Fascinerende reconstructie, geschreven met humor en gevoel voor detail. Vermakelijk en leerzaam voor zowel advocaten als leken ’ volgens de Volkskrant en ‘Een meesterlijk boek dat naar …
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THE CURACAO TRUST
Can be used as protected or segregated cell company
On 1 January 2012, new legislation entered into force according to which it is now possible to set up a trust (Curacao Trust) similar to the trust in Anglo-Saxon common law jurisdictions. The introduction of the Curacao Trust serves as an important instrument which could be used within financial transactions in the Caribbean as a significant part of these transactions are initiated from common law jurisdictions.
The Curacao Trust can be used for different purposes, such as, for example:
DE ADVOCAAT (VIII)
De utopische advocaat
Van de ideale advocaat moet een hoge mate van beschaving worden verwacht, alsook een hoge mate van geleerdheid en kundigheid. Een praktische instelling, taalvaardigheid en rhetorische bekwaamheid maken deel uit van de standaardbagage van de utopische advocaat. Hij wordt niet alleen gevreesd, omdat hij vlijmscherp analyseert, van logica gespeende redeneringen doorklieft en de belagers van de rechtsstaat doet verstenen, maar zowel vriend als vijand hebben eerbied voor zowel zijn inborst als zijn kunde.
Niet zelden zal de utopische advocaat het gevoel bekruipen dat hij in het debat met anderen graast op een schrale weide. Slechts weinigen die …
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