STATUTORY MERGERS UNDER THE LAWS OF THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Mergers mostly within a group of companies
A statutory merger involves at least two legal entities. The law uses the terms acquiring and disappearing legal entity. The law specifies that only legal entities having the same legal form may merge, specifying that a BV (closed limited liability company) and a NV (public limited liability company) are considered to be the same. Statutory mergers are used mostly within a group of companies.
Essential for a statutory merger is that the title of all assets and liabilities of one legal entity transfer in their entirety to another legal entity. An actual transfer …
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MAY LAWYERS SEARCH FOR METADATA IN DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FROM OPPOSING COUNSEL?
A lawyer may ethically review a document for metadata
Lawyers frequently send and receive documents or computer files in electronic form. An electronic document typically includes data that may or may not be visible when viewing the document on the computer screen or as printed out, e.g. the original author’s name, the creation date of the document, and the amount of time spent editing it. These hidden data are called “metadata”.
Legal Blog Watcher Robert J. Ambrogi discusses the question whether it is ethical to search for metadata in a document you receive from …
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INVESTMENT COMPANY REGULATIONS IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Holding companies are not investing
An investment company (NV or BV) is a company that raises or obtains pecuniary means or other property to be used for collective investment with the objective of allowing the participants to benefit from the revenues of those investments.
The Netherlands Antilles National Ordinance on the Supervision of Investment Institutions and Administrators (‘Landsverordening Toezicht Beleggingsinstellingen en Administrateurs’) and the Central Bank’s policy guidelines based thereon do not make entirely clear what is regarded as an “investment”.
The explanatory memorandum to the Ordinance explains that certain activities do not tend to be considered as “investments”, such …
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HARRY POTTER AND THE BATTLE OVER COPYRIGHT LAWS
Can the author come up with a legal spell to prevent the publishing of a HP encyclopedia?
J.K. Rowling is the renowned author of the famous fantasy books about the life of wizardry student Harry Potter. Since the release of the first book in 1997, the series have gained huge popularity worldwide. The books have spawned a series of Potter movies, Potter video games and themed merchandise. The commercial success of the Potter brand has made Rowling one of the highest-earning authors in history. Like with many popular and commercially successful products, there are …
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TRUST COMPANIES IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Rendering trust services without a license is prohibited
Many international group structures include one or more Dutch Caribbean legal entities or partnerships. The main reasons for this are the internationally competitive conditions for business development in the area of corporate law, the tax system, and the well-developed professional financial services industry of the Netherlands Antilles. Trust companies are involved in setting up and maintaining such structures. On behalf of other enterprises, trust companies conduct the management of ‘international companies’, i.e. companies established in the Netherlands Antilles which, however, on many occasions are (factually) controlled by persons or legal entities from …
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ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
A digital signature has the same legal effect as a hand-written signature
The Ordinance on agreements concluded electronically (‘Landsverordening overeenkomsten langs elektronische weg’) became effective on 1 January 2001.
Trade, financial services and other commercial activities are being conducted electronically at a rapidly growing rate. The Netherlands Antilles was ahead of many countries in developing legislation for this field.
The Ordinance provides that an electronic signature shall have the same legal effect as a hand-written signature, and may be admitted as evidence in legal proceedings. An electronic signature is described as electronic data which are attached to or have a …
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AESX PLATFORMS ANNOUNCES LAUNCH OF WEST AFRICA SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC INITIATIVE
The Alternative Electronic Stock eXchange has created a specialty exchange for sustainable (financial and social) investing, the MicroFinance Exchange MFDAQ.
The MicroFinance Exchange announced yesterday (20 May 2008) the availability for subscription of the first social enterprise to seek capital through the Exchange.
The West Africa Sustainable Economic Initiative (WASEI) is the brainchild of former Grameen Financial Officer Linda Yahr, supported by an impressive team whose mission is to create a “ladder of prosperity” to “bottom of …
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COMPLIANCE IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Curacao considers how the US deals with compliance
Compliance is essentially about systems and procedures at corporations, banks, funds, trust offices, insurance companies and the like, to ensure that their officers and employees are aware of and take steps to comply with the relevant laws and regulations. It is also referred to as ‘regulatory compliance’. Compliance is nowadays, in the aftermath of, Enron, for example, which collapsed in 2001, of the utmost importance. I will briefly discuss several compliance related issues below, however one should keep in mind that the concept of compliance is extremely broad.
The …
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FILING FOR BANKRUPTCY IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
The ultimate recourse against a person not paying his debts
The bankruptcy order can be applied for either by the debtor or by one or more of its creditors. If the debtor is a company then, pursuant to Article 2:8 par. 4 of the Civil Code, the managing directors do not have the authority to file a petition for bankruptcy of the company without prior authorization thereto from the general meeting, unless otherwise stipulated in the articles of association.
The pre-requisites for issuing an order upon an application for bankruptcy, regardless of whether the application is submitted by the debtor …
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DUTCH CARIBBEAN HEDGE FUNDS
Curacao provides a favorable climate for hedge funds
Curacao, part of the Netherlands Antilles, currently provides a favorable tax, legal and regulatory climate for hedge funds. A fund vehicle can be established quickly and flexibly. Additionally, the current regulatory regime for the supervision of investment institutions and administrators and the anti-money laundering rules provide comfort for investors. In Curacao one can discuss with the tax authorities in advance what at arms’ length remuneration will be acceptable. A tax-exempt vehicle and several very low-tax vehicles are available for hedge funds.
There is no requirement from the point of view of corporate …
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DUTCH CARIBBEAN BUSINESS LICENSES
Citizens versus non-citizens
According to the Netherlands Antilles Ordinance on the Establishment of Businesses (‘Landsverordening betreffende vestiging van ondernemingen’, PB 1946 nr. 43) a license is required to establish a company (‘vestigingsvergunning’). A further license is required to operate one as an individual director if one is not a citizen of the Netherlands Antilles (‘directievergunning’).
According to a policy document published by the Department of Economic Affairs (‘Dienst Economische Zaken’) in Curacao that is responsible for the enforcement of aforementioned Ordinance, a person is considered a citizen of the Netherlands Antilles if born in the Netherlands Antilles, …
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DUTCH CARIBBEAN ANTI-MONEY-LAUNDERING REGULATIONS (II)
Filing MOT report no blanket protection
A provider of financial services, e.g. a bank, has the obligation under Section 11 of the MOT (National Ordinance Penalization Money Laundering) to report to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), without delay, any unusual transaction made or proposed. Unusual transactions are described in the Ministerial Decree Indicators Unusual Transactions.
Suspected money-laundering transactions are, e.g., transactions non-typical of a client or transactions where there is otherwise cause to presume that they may relate to money laundering or terrorist financing. Such transactions, including proposed transactions, should be reported. The MOT also allows for permissive filings by …
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