LIABILITY OF MANAGEMENT SERVICES COMPANIES
Aspects of director’s liability
Management services companies a.k.a. trust companies (‘trustkantoren’) can face liability as a result of how they have performed trust and management services to their clients, and in particular when acting as managing director (‘statutair directeur’) of a legal entity, whether alone or together with others.
A trust company acting as managing director for a client company is subject to the general rules on director’s liability. Such liability towards the client company may arise in the event a trust company is found to be seriously negligent (‘een ernstig verwijt kan worden gemaakt’) in fulfilling its tasks as …
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QUASI DIRECTORS UNDER DUTCH AND DUTCH CARIBBEAN LAW
The topic of my dissertation
I am regularly asked by English speaking people what my PhD-dissertation is about.
As part of my PhD, I researched the liability of persons who have not been appointed as director according to Book 2 of the Civil Code and the articles of association (formal, also de iure, directors) of a private legal entity, but who actually (de facto) acted as directors or as shadow directors. The de facto director and the shadow director fall in the category of quasi directors.
In my study, reference is made to Book 2 of the Civil Code of …
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LIABILITY OF THE BANKRUPTCY TRUSTEE
No policy freedom when bound by rules
Some years ago, I wrote about conflicts of interest in insolvency law matters (Tijdschrift voor Insolventierecht 4/2001, p. 115-123). I then wrote that the special characteristics of the task of a bankruptcy trustee imply that his personal liability, if any, must be assessed against a standard of due care that is geared to this. This standard boils down to the fact that a trustee should act as may reasonably be required of a trustee with sufficient insight and experience who performs his task with accuracy and dedication (HR 19 April 1996, ECLI:NL:HR:1996:ZC2047 concerning …
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DELAWARE CASE-LAW ON FIDUCIARY DUTIES
Good faith, not a good result, is what is required of the board
According to the Delaware Court of Chancery in its decicion of 18 October 2016 regarding Capital One (click here), the standard under Delaware law for imposing oversight liability on a director (sometimes referred to as Caremark liability) is an exacting one that requires evidence of bad faith, meaning that “the directors knew that they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations.”
In this derivative action, a stockholder of Capital One Financial Corporation asserts that its directors breached their fiduciary duty of loyalty and unjustly …
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THE ARUBA PUBLIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
Managing and supervisory directors’ liability
I will refer only to the Aruba NV type of company, otherwise known as the public limited liability company, governed by the Commercial Code of Aruba. Furthermore, I will discuss only the basic concept of managing and supervisory directors’ liability.
Duties
Section 106(1) of the Aruba Commercial Code (ACC) provides that, in performing their duties, each member of the management board should focus on the interests of the NV. In accordance with the “stakeholder model”, a.k.a. “stakeholder orientation”, the board must take into account various interests, not only those of the company, its business and …
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TYPES OF LIABILITY IN ARUBA
A three-part distinction
With regard to liability a three-part distinction can be made. The first distinction relates to the basis of the liability: liability pursuant to a contractual relationship (the attributable failure in this respect) and liability pursuant to a wrongful act.
Another distinction relates to the personal liability (thus for the party’s own actions or omissions) and vicarious and/or strict liability: liability for or the acts and omissions of others (vicarious liability) or liability for certain things that happen (strict liability).
For example, employers can be held vicariously liable for certain actions of their employees. According to the Aruba …
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LIABILITY OF COMPANY DIRECTORS
No derivative suit
It is considered a general rule of Dutch Caribbean corporate law that the management board (a.k.a. board of directors) must act in the best interests of the company (an NV or BV) in the performance of its duties, even when acting on instructions from others (e.g. shareholders). This includes the interests of the shareholders, the employees and, according to most legal writers, the creditors of the company.
Under the Civil Codes of Curacao, St. Maarten and the BES-islands (Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba), directors of a limited liability company (naamloze vennootschap or besloten vennootschap) are personally and …
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NO DERIVATIVE ACTION IN CURACAO
A claim based on tort is possible though
Curaçao corporate law does not provide for any derivative suit mechanism (and neither do the laws of Aruba, St. Maarten and the BES-islands). This matter was first decided in the cases of Poot v. ABP, Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) 2 December 1994, NJ 1995, 288, and Constance et al. v. Noro et al., Gemeenschappelijk Hof van Justitie van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba (Joint Court of Appeal of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba) 13 December 1994, SJD 1994, 498.
However, a shareholder suffering derivative damage may commence proceedings against, for instance, …
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FRAUDNET – THE POWER OF ONE GLOBAL NETWORK
FraudNet in action
According to The Irish Times, lawyer Antenor Pereira Madruga Filho (a member of FraudNet) is hired by the Irish Government to represent it in a high-profile case involving a lawyer who fled Ireland in 2007 with debts of €80m. The lawyer was arrested in Brazil almost two years ago and has been held since in a prison (click here for the newspaper article). FraudNet Members are regularly in the news and you can read about some of them here.
FraudNet is a worldwide network of lawyers specialized in asset tracing and …
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DUTIES OF A MANAGING DIRECTOR OF A DUTCH CARIBBEAN NV OR BV
Acting in the best interests of the company
Although not explicitly provided for in Book 2 of the Civil Codes of Curacao, St. Maarten and the BES-islands (Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba) (“CC”), it is considered a general rule of corporate law that the management board (a.k.a. board of directors) must act in the best interests of the company (an NV or BV) in the performance of its duties, even when acting on instructions from others (e.g. shareholders). This includes the interests of the shareholders, the employees and, according to most legal writers, the creditors of the company.
The management …
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THE CONCEPT OF LIABILITY IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
A three-part distinction
With regard to liability a three-part distinction can be made. The first distinction relates to the basis of the liability: liability pursuant to a contractual relationship (the attributable failure in this respect) and liability pursuant to a wrongful act.
Another distinction relates to the personal liability (thus for the party’s own actions or omissions) and vicarious and/or strict liability: liability for or the acts and omissions of others (vicarious liability) or liability for certain things that happen (strict liability).
For example, employers can be held vicariously liable for certain actions of their employees. According to the Civil …
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LIABILITY OF THE SILENT PARTNER
The Supreme Court can give its opinion
I will first describe Dutch law in this respect. A limited partnership (commanditaire vennootschap: ‘CV’) is a contractual, legal relationship between two or more persons or legal entities to carry on a business under a joint name, whereby the aim is to gain proprietary benefits on the basis of their contributions. The CV (with multiple managing partners) is therefore a special form of the general partnership (vennootschap onder firma: ‘VOF’). This special status consists of the business operations also being carried on at the expense of one or more silent partners (limited partners), …
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