THE CONCEPT OF LIABILITY IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
A three-part distinction
With regard to liability a three-part distinction can be made. The first distinction relates to the basis of the liability: liability pursuant to a contractual relationship (the attributable failure in this respect) and liability pursuant to a wrongful act.
Another distinction relates to the personal liability (thus for the party’s own actions or omissions) and vicarious and/or strict liability: liability for or the acts and omissions of others (vicarious liability) or liability for certain things that happen (strict liability).
For example, employers can be held vicariously liable for certain actions of their employees. According to the Civil …
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WETTEN EN WETGEVINGSPROCES
Tijd voor verbeteringen?
Wetten zorgen in onze samenleving voor sturing en ordening. Ze bepalen welke bevoegdheden en verplichtingen we hebben. Ze verschaffen ons vrijheid en stellen tegelijkertijd grenzen daaraan. Wetten zijn er – zogezegd – in alle(rlei) soorten en maten.
Al eeuwen wordt er gediscussieerd over wetten, breder: over het recht, en de vraag naar het gezag daarvan. Waarom moeten we ons aan wetten houden? Waarop zijn wetten (en de daarin vastgelegde normen) gebaseerd? Ik verwijs naar een interessante studie van Shirley Robin Letwin, On the History of the Idea of Law (Cambridge University Press; reprinted 2007). En voor wie …
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CLIËNTEN EN ADVOCATEN OPGELET!
Met wie heeft de cliënt een contractuele relatie?
U heeft een probleem van juridische aard. U belt een advocatenkantoor en wordt doorverbonden met advocaat X. Advocaat X is een partner. Hij werkt twee weken aan uw zaak maar gaat dan met vakantie. Advocaat Y, eveneens een partner, neemt de zaak over en blijft die – met uw instemming – behandelen ook nadat advocaat X van vakantie is teruggekeerd.
Na een tijdje blijkt dat advocaat Y een beroepsfout heeft gemaakt, waardoor u schade heeft geleden. Die schade wilt u uiteraard vergoed zien. Maar wie moet u voor de schade aansprakelijk stellen? Het …
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DOING BUSINESS IN THE DUTCH CARIBBEAN
Invest Dutch Kingdom
“Invest Dutch Kingdom ” is a collaborative effort between the four countries of the Dutch Kingdom with the aim of providing useful information about investment opportunities within the Kingdom. The website offers key insights into the economies of these dynamic countries, making it easier for companies to identify avenues for establishing a new business, branching out to the Dutch Kingdom or actively trading within or via the countries. For more information click on:
And if you need any legal advice regarding the …
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AANSPRAKELIJKHEID STILLE VENNOOT VAN EEN CV
Kennis contractspartij is relevant
Recent schreef ik over de aansprakelijkheid van de nieuw toegetreden vennoot van een VOF of de nieuwe beherend vennoot van een CV naar Nederlands recht. En ik gaf aan dat er een wezenlijk verschil is tussen Nederland, Aruba en de BES-eilanden enerzijds, en Curaçao en St. Maarten anderzijds.
Wat Curaçao en St. Maarten betreft volgt uit artikel 7:824 lid 2 BW dat een vennoot die toetreedt of opvolgt, slechts is verbonden (lees: aansprakelijk is) voor de verbintenissen die na zijn toetreding of opvolging zijn ontstaan. Met andere woorden: hij kan niet voor de oude schulden worden …
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CELEBRATING 10 YEARS OF SHARING KNOWLEDGE
June 1st, 2015 marks the 10th anniversary of Karel’s Legal Blog
Op 1 juni 2015 bestaat Karel’s Legal Blog 10 jaar
Dia 1 di yüni 2015 Karel’s Legal Blog ta kumpli 10 aña
Celebrating 10 years of sharing knowledge
This is an important milestone for me. Back in May 2005 I only had a rough idea about blogging and what it would take to create a successful legal blog a.k.a. blawg.
Now, …
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STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES AND GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Speech by Karel Frielink at the 8th Biennial Conference of the Caribbean Ombudsman Association
Ladies and Gentlemen!
First of all, I would like to thank the Curaçao Ombudsman, Alba Martijn, for inviting me to speak at this conference. Unfortunately, she will leave office in about a month. She did an excellent job, and her professionalism, dedication and impartiality leave a lasting legacy. Thank you Alba!
I have only half an hour, so I won’t travel back in time to the early days of mankind. I just start with Plato (427 – 347 B.C.E.). You may have heard of this philosopher. …
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LAWYERS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A lawyer must be independent
A lawyer (attorney at law) is expected to be independent. This independence involves an attitude: this is the lawyer’s disposition toward his client but also toward the court and in actual fact toward any other party involved. He ought to represent the interests of his client and not be led by his own interests. Neither is he allowed to represent the interests of others if they conflict with the interest of his client.
In the (Curaçao) Code of Conduct for Lawyers this starting point is described as follows: “The lawyer shall not undertake to represent …
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LIABILITY OF THE SILENT PARTNER
The Supreme Court can give its opinion
I will first describe Dutch law in this respect. A limited partnership (commanditaire vennootschap: ‘CV’) is a contractual, legal relationship between two or more persons or legal entities to carry on a business under a joint name, whereby the aim is to gain proprietary benefits on the basis of their contributions. The CV (with multiple managing partners) is therefore a special form of the general partnership (vennootschap onder firma: ‘VOF’). This special status consists of the business operations also being carried on at the expense of one or more silent partners (limited partners), …
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SUPREME COURT U-TURN
The bankruptcy of a general partnership (‘VOF’) does not automatically mean the bankruptcy of its partners
For many decades the rule had to be adhered to that the bankruptcy of a general partnership (vennootschap onder firma: ‘VOF’) also meant the bankruptcy of the individual partners (Supreme Court 14 April 1927, NJ 1927, page 725).
However, in a ruling of 6 February 2015 the Supreme Court made a U-turn and held that there is no (or no longer) any justification for this connection (ECLI:NL:HR:2015:251). The Supreme Court has justified its new position as follows:
3.4.1 A VOF has no corporate personality. …
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QUASI DIRECTOR OR JUST THE BOSS?
This depends on the facts
If a legal entity (an NV or BV comes to mind) becomes bankrupt, any director (according to its Articles) becomes jointly and severally liable for the deficit of the bankrupt’s estate if it is apparent that there has been improper management and it is plausible that this was a major cause of the bankruptcy.
The Act provides that a person who (during the relevant period) determined or co-determined the policy of the legal entity as if he was a director is considered equivalent to a director. This is also called a quasi director. For instance, …
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LIABILITY OF A NEW PARTNER
Supreme Court creates clarity
The National Ordinance on Partnerships (Landsverordening personenvennootschappen) of Curacao (1 January 2012) and St. Maarten (1 April 2014) mentions two main variants of the partnership: the public partnership and the silent partnership. The public partnership is a partnership (i) for carrying on a profession or business or performing professional or business acts, which (ii) partnership acts externally in a way which is clearly recognizable by third parties (iii) under a name it uses as such (Section 7:801 subsection 1 of the Civil Code).
The partners of a public partnership are jointly and severally liable for the …
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